P2P

These scenarios show how to configure an OpenVPN tunnel using a P2P topology

Basic Tunnel

Description

A simple P2P tunnel is created between two devices

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=112 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 112.452/112.452/112.452/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.703 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.703/0.703/0.703/0.000 ms

---

TCP Protocol

Description

A simple P2P tunnel through TCP is created between two devices

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 protocol tcp-client
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 protocol tcp-server
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=444 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 443.893/443.893/443.893/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.76 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.756/1.756/1.756/0.000 ms

---

VRF

Description

A simple P2P tunnel using a custom VRF is created between two devices

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 vrf VRF1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set system vrf VRF1

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 vrf VRF1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set system vrf VRF1

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=93.9 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 93.871/93.871/93.871/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 vrf VRF1 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: Warning: source address might be selected on device other than: VRF1
PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) from 10.0.0.1 VRF1: 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.34 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.339/1.339/1.339/0.000 ms

Step 6: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

Step 7: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

Step 8: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

Step 9: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

Step 10: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

Step 11: Expect a failure in the following command: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

ping: connect: Network is unreachable

---

Lzo Compression

Description

A simple P2P tunnel with lzo compression is created between two devices

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p tunnel-profile TNL
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn tunnel-profile TNL compression lzo

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p tunnel-profile TNL
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn tunnel-profile TNL compression lzo

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=157 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 157.440/157.440/157.440/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.886 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.886/0.886/0.886/0.000 ms

---

Secret

Description

A simple encrypted tunnel using a shared static key is created between two devices

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.757 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.757/0.757/0.757/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.879 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.879/0.879/0.879/0.000 ms

---

Secret With Direction

Description

A simple encrypted tunnel using a shared static key is created between two devices using key directions

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret direction 0
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret direction 1
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.328 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.328/0.328/0.328/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.592 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.592/0.592/0.592/0.000 ms

---

Cipher

Description

A simple encrypted tunnel using a shared static key is created between two devices using a custom cipher

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC cipher 1 algorithm CAMELLIA-128-CBC
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC cipher 1 algorithm CAMELLIA-128-CBC
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC secret static-key 'running://static.key'

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=252 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 251.976/251.976/251.976/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=4.96 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.964/4.964/4.964/0.000 ms

---

Auth

Description

A simple encrypted tunnel using a shared static key is created between two devices using a custom digest algorithm

Scenario

Step 1: Set the following configuration in DUT0 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.1/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC auth 1 algorithm SHA256

Step 2: Set the following configuration in DUT1 :

set interfaces ethernet eth1 address 192.168.100.2/24
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 local-endpoint 10.0.0.2
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 mode p2p encryption-profile ENC
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 peer 1 address 192.168.100.1
set interfaces openvpn ovpn1 remote-endpoint 10.0.0.1
set system login user admin authentication encrypted-password '$6$GSjsCj8gHLv$/VcqU6FLi6CT2Oxn0MJQ2C2tqnRDrYKNF8HIYWJp68nvXvPdFccDsT04.WtigUONbKYrgKg8d6rEs8PjljMkH0'
set vpn openvpn encryption-profile ENC auth 1 algorithm SHA256

Step 3: Ping the IP address 192.168.100.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 192.168.100.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=158 ms

--- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 157.849/157.849/157.849/0.000 ms

Step 4: Run the command interfaces openvpn ovpn1 status on DUT0 and check whether the output contains the following tokens:

CONNECTED

Show output

OpenVPN interface ovpn1
State: CONNECTED (SUCCESS)
Local endpoint: 10.0.0.1:1194
Remote: 192.168.100.2

Step 5: Ping the IP address 10.0.0.2 from DUT0:

admin@DUT0$ ping 10.0.0.2 count 1 size 56 timeout 1

Show output

PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.617 ms

--- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.617/0.617/0.617/0.000 ms

---